The causes of breast cancer are not fully known and understood, as there is a group of interconnected factors, including the genetic factor, the hormonal factor, environmental factors, social biology, and organ physiology, that can affect its development, in addition to other risk factors, such as: breast reproductive disorders. Which is related to the development of breast cancer, especially if the biopsy shows a typical hyperplasia. However, 70% of cancer patients cannot have risk factors identified.

Genetic predisposition:
Having a family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives (mother, sister, daughter) increases the risk of developing it. The risk depends on whether the cancer is bilateral in the breasts and occurs during or after menopause. The risk of infection is three times greater than those with no family history. The probability of a hereditary factor ranging between 5-10% of breast cancer cases. The probability of this factor increases if there are many affected relatives and if the cancer occurs at a younger age. There are two types of genes (BRACA1, BRACA2 and p53 group) that cause most hereditary breast

cancer cases.
Hormonal factors:
Regulating hormone levels is very important in the development of breast cancer. Early pregnancy and early ovarian removal reduce the occurrence of a breast tumor. In contrast, late menopause is associated with an increased incidence of breast cancer. It is noteworthy that many hormonal factors, such as: a long period of reproductive activity, multiple births, and delayed birth of a first child, lead to increased exposure to high levels of estrogen during the menstrual cycle. Ovarian tumors that increase estrogen levels are also associated with an increased incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Among the factors that also affect hormonal balance and increase the possibility of breast cancer is the use of oral contraceptives and hormone therapy after menopause. To relieve the symptoms of menopause. A slight increase in the risk of breast cancer has been observed among users of oral contraceptives, and this risk decreases after stopping use, and after 10 years of stopping use, the risk becomes unnoticeable.
Use of oral contraceptive pills in advanced age has also been associated with an increase in the number of breast cancer cases diagnosed. It is noteworthy that current or recent users of hormone replacement therapy are at a greater risk of developing breast cancer than women who have never used it. The risk increases with the length of the period of use of the hormone, knowing that the risk decreases significantly with the cessation of use, and after five years have passed since the cessation of use, the increased risk resulting from this use disappears.
The results of a recent study conducted recently in America on about 160,000 women over a period of five years showed; To evaluate the benefits and risks of using combined hormone therapy, the risk of breast cancer was 26% higher in women who used combined hormone therapy (which contains both estrogen and progesterone) compared to those who did not use this therapy.
Breast diseases can be divided into the following groups:
Inflammatory lesions: These are rare lesions that can be acute or chronic, and include: acute mastitis, ductitis, post-traumatic infections, and granulomatous mastitis.
Benign fibrocystic lesions: They represent the single most common disorder in the breast. They account for about 40% of all breast surgeries. They are often diagnosed between the ages of 30 and 40 years. They rarely develop after menopause, and are often affected by hormonal disorders.
Benign breast tumors: These are rare tumors, and include adenomas, ductal tumors, proliferative breast disorder, and phyllodes tumors.
Proliferative breast disorder: Epidemiological studies have identified changes in the breast that can lead to an increased risk of breast cancer, which are associated with hyperplasia, with or without atypia, and these lesions are often accompanied by fibrocystic changes that appear on a mammogram as abnormal.

Treatment options:
Treatment is determined according to the type, stage, grade and size of breast cancer, and whether the cancer cells are sensitive to hormones, taking into account the patient’s general health.

Surgical treatment:
Most women undergo breast cancer surgery, and many also receive additional treatments after surgery; Such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy or radiation therapy. Chemotherapy may also be used before surgery in specific cases.
Removal of breast cancer (lumpectomy). During a lumpectomy, which may be referred to as breast surgery, conserving surgery or wide local excision, the surgeon removes the tumor and a small amount of healthy tissue surrounding the tumor.
Removal of the entire breast (mastectomy). A mastectomy is an operation to remove all breast tissue. Most mastectomy procedures remove all of the breast tissue, namely the lobules, ducts, fatty tissue, and some skin, including the nipple and areola (simple or total mastectomy), or a skin- and nipple-sparing mastectomy.

Removal of a limited number of lymph nodes (sentinel node biopsy), which first receive lymphatic drainage from the tumor; To determine whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.
If no cancer is found in those lymph nodes, there is little chance that cancer will be found in any of the remaining lymph nodes, and then the other nodes do not need to be removed. It is an important procedure; To reduce problems after armpit surgery, including arm swelling (lymphedema).
Removal of several lymph nodes (axillary lymphadenectomy by dissection), performed if cancer is found in the sentinel lymph nodes.

Radiotherapy:
Radiation therapy uses very powerful beams of energy, such as X-rays